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茶叶、白银和鸦片：1750—1840年中西贸易结构 (四)
上一篇 / 下一篇 2006-10-11 00:00:00 / 个人分类：Business
注释：
v1`M[ l&B A.F0 〔1〕Earl H.Pritchard,"The Crucial Years of Early Anglo-C hinese Relations,1750-1800",p.163,Washigton 1963.
V9Q V0m/m NW1r A0 〔2〕这位威尼斯人所知的“茶叶”并非目睹， 而是从一位到过中国的威尼斯人处得知。“Thema Thee"p.13.museum boymans-van beun ingen Rotterdam,1978.ITPUB个人空间b#Y aaY
〔3〕乌克斯（Ukers）则认为荷人在1610年从日本和中国输入茶叶。William Ukers,"All about Tea",vol,1.p. 23, p28,New York 1935.
j \!x q i~!B^O!T0 〔4〕H.B.Morse,"The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China 1635-1834",vol,1.p.144.Oxford,1926.ITPUB个人空间;S'W(`Y1lYw"R:G|
〔5〕Morse,"Chronicles",vol.1.p.148.ITPUB个人空间$h#Bc)jY|[
〔6〕其中“苏珊那”号（Susanna）所载货值54000两白银， 茶叶1565担，价值45000两，见：Morse,vol,1,p.157,K.N.Chaudhuri,"The Trading World of Asin and the English East India Company", P.538,Cambridge,1978.
h8h*|Q#to0 〔7〕Louis Dermigny,"La Chine et l'Occident.Le Commerce a Canton au XVIIIe Siecle,1732-1833",3 vols,vol,2.p.545,Paris,S.E.V.P.E.N.1964.
n*CaK,Pw0 〔8〕Pritchard,"Crucial Years"p.395-396.ITPUB个人空间 G R2__ n
〔9〕Michael Greenberg,"British Trade and the Opening of China,1800-1842",p.3.Cambridge University press 1951.ITPUB个人空间}db b%[ ?,D
〔10〕A.J.Sargent,"Anglo-China Commerce and Diplomacy,P.5 1,Oxford,1907;Prichard,"Grucial Years",p.163.
N0R rJ*Q4G#l0 〔11〕Greenberg,"British Trade",p.3.
}2E%l6@7p,M.U4P0 〔12〕C.J.A.Jorg,"Porcelain and the Dutch China Trade",p.217,The Hage 1982.ITPUB个人空间;G3m9D?b"h
〔13〕Kristof Glamann,"Dutch-Asiatic Trade",p.215,The Hag e 1958.
?2zQ C]JQ0 〔14〕De Hullu,"Over den Chinaschen handel der Oostindisc he Companie in de dertig jaar van de 18e eeuw",in "Bijdragen tot de Taal-,Land-en Volkenunde van Nederlandsch Indie(BTLV),v ol,73,P.42-43,The Hage 1917.
;X"r7wH T*s4I0 〔15〕如：巴城华人甲必丹，大茶商连富光即在1740年被荷人逮捕流放。见：B.Hoetink,"Ni Hoekong, Kapitein der Chinezen te Batavia in 1740",in BTLV,vol,74,1918.
jh7pX?f\7?d0 〔16〕Leonard Blusse,"Strange Company:Chinese Settlers,Me sizo Women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia",p.137-138,Leiden 1986.ITPUB个人空间:y.g^4r y%I0s
〔17〕Morse,"Chronicles",vol,2.p.95.
V t/O"p4S;mV.l0 〔18〕Morse,Chronicles",vol,2.p.204.ITPUB个人空间&X Qo O.X$vda&VC
〔19〕茶叶的数量与美国船货总值数字引自：Foster Rher Dulles,"The Old China Trade",p.210,New York 1970, 茶叶货值系推算而出，从19世纪初到30年代，广州茶叶价值每担在23-26两之间， 在此以中章价245两计算。
_2d[9jb["eF yz0 〔20〕Yen-ping Hao,"The Commercial Revolution in Nineteen th-century china:The Rise of Sino-Western Mercantile Capitalism",p.16,University of California Press,Berkeley 1986.
'wsmcve0 〔21〕Timothy Pitkin,"A Statistical Ciew of the Vommerce of the United States of America ",Harford 1816,Reprinted in 1835,New Haven,P.301.
*A!Zg-}-JR2~2I5t0 〔22〕Zhuang Guotu,"International Trade in Chinese Tea in 18th Century",p.30-33,A Paper Presented to the 34th Internat ional Congress on the Asian and North Africa Studies,Hong Kong,1993.ITPUB个人空间@)~}X7Y'TS
〔23〕该条款同时也规定，英国东印度公司必须供应本土足够的茶叶，并以不超过成本加法定利润的价值出售见： Hohcheung and lorna H.Mui,"The Management of Monopoly;a Study of the East Indies Company's Conduct its Tea Trade,1784-1833",p.xi,University o f British Columbia Press,Vancouver 1984.ITPUB个人空间2`.S#A6S#X-RL9Mk
〔24〕姚贤镐《中国近代对外贸易史资料：1870－1875》，卷1， 第258页，北京，1962年。ITPUB个人空间 I)uP7cF F e`^ v
〔25〕Greenberg,"British Trade",p.5.
akDL*L0 〔26〕Adam Smith ,"An Inquairy into the Nature and the Ca uses of the Wealth of Nations",p.188,New York 1937。ITPUB个人空间 cE6Wx/~:V
〔27〕H.A.Crosby Forbes,John Devereux Kernan and Ruth S.W ilkins,"Chinese Export Silver 1785 to 1885".p.22.Museum of the American China Trade Massachusettes,1975.
:d%Pj5`b0 〔28〕参见：庄国土《明季中国丝绸的海外贸易》，联合国科教文组织《中国和海上丝路国际讨论会论文集》，1991年，福建人民出版社。
n#K3O!n4WfL0 〔29〕Morse,"Chronicles",vol,1.p.21.p.307.
] Z_ I o^,Rsc!`0 〔30〕Sargent,"Commerce and Diplomacy",p.49.ITPUB个人空间"gV4v(Q1Qj
〔31〕Morse,"Chronicles",vol,1.p.71.ITPUB个人空间.W3` V,c9z(xp#K
〔32〕Sargent,"Commerce and Diplomacy",p.49.
)Q)vi;fJ\ ^0 〔33〕Morse,"Chronicles",vol,1.p.307-313.ITPUB个人空间8`z0L t$a1_d2w
〔34〕Sargent,"Commerce and Diplomacy",p.49.
3G){lMwo0 〔35〕Prtichard,"Crucial years",p.394,396,399.
1G Iz Z/h4{.t0 〔36〕C.C.F.Simkin,"The Traditional Trade of Asia",p. 231,New York 1968.
K b%? Eb]$KD0 〔37〕Glamann,"Dutch Asiatic trade",p.243.
2|9K6R Zlj^{J+OT;_0 〔38〕ibid,p.69.ITPUB个人空间 wY ze.G$H
〔39〕Jorg,"Porcelain",p.27.
$m\7q I*xT,J0 〔40〕Glamann,"Dutch Asiatic trade",p.243.ITPUB个人空间g){m W:d6F?p/~
〔41〕Jorg,"porcelain",P.35.
"` IiQ6sS[0 〔42〕Dermigny,"Canton",P.521-524.
Zf,W$XuO0 〔43〕18世纪下半叶欧洲商船较以前大，但所携白银在输华货值中的比例也稍低，这两方面出入可能大体互相抵消。 ITPUB个人空间 M[/IX&pecKw
〔44〕在对美国1805-1944年对华商品和白银输出额估算时， 各家所据资料不同，其结果也稍不同，Yen-Ping Hao引用的是参议院档案（U.S.Senate Executive Document 31.19th Congress,lst Session）以及Homans所著《历史统计资料》 （Historicaland Statistical Accou nt）。Morse引用的是K.S.Latourette所著的《1784-1844 年美中早期关系史》（The History of Early Relations between the U.S. and China 1784- 1844 ）载于 "Translations of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science",vol,28,New Haven 1927,Cheong 在其所著的“Mandarins and Merchants”（P.54 ）也引用相同资料。
$kLVv&txF ~0 〔45〕这个数量不包括西班牙人经马尼拉输入中国的白银。
C9p | ?J q%w7SQ#ra0 〔46〕D.A, Brading,"Mexican Silver-Mining in the Eighteent h Century:The Revival of Zacatecas".Latin American series,No.277.University of California,Berkeley,Reprinted from"The Ame rican history Review,vol,L.No.4.Nov..p.666.1970.
CHl@^Xt!e9jW0 〔47〕A.Kobata,"The Production and Used of Gold and Silve r in Sixteenth-Seventeenth Century Japan",in"Economic History Review,"Secong Series,vol,18.No,2.p.247.August,1965.ITPUB个人空间 VXgs1F!kq,}
〔48〕Charles Wilson,"Trade,Society and the State",in E.E.Rich and C.H.Wilson,eds,"The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries",p.511,Cambridge University Press 1967.
\ zR!F.s q9q0 〔49〕W.E.Cheong,"Trade and Finance in China:1784-1834",i n "Business History',p.40,January,1965. ITPUB个人空间| ZS.R)K bCwx
〔50〕J.m.Scott."The White Poppy:A History of Opium",p. 5,London 1969.ITPUB个人空间e3~"Q,^+h ? U/W&c
〔51〕"Chinese Repository",vol,5.p.546,April, 1837, Morse,"The International Relations of the Chinese Empire",vol,1. p.173,Shanghai 1910.
D RXp/j9oe b M0 〔52〕Prichard,"Crucial Years",p.143.
-pX5O/wE p%S0 〔53〕Morse,"Chronicles",vol,2,p.95,100,118,135. ITPUB个人空间&]%\$kr ~A@
〔54〕M.D.Nathan Allen,"Opium Trade",p.12,reprinted in Bo ston 1973. ITPUB个人空间 a:T z3H(tE P
〔55〕Prichard,"Crucial Years,"p.217-218. ITPUB个人空间N g jbr$G
〔56〕"Chinese Repository,"vol,3.p.238,Feb,1837.
`({7_t7N|0 〔57〕Carl A.Traocki,"Opium and Empire:Chinese Society in Colonial Singapore,1800-1910',p.53-55,Cornell University Pre ss 1990.
"u5n Z{a_!{s0 〔58〕Allen,"Opium Trade",p.10.
h pwe r0 〔59〕"Chinese Repository",vol,5.p.546-547,April,1837.ITPUB个人空间 ur@D'py
〔60〕Dulles,"Old,China Trade",p.115.
0z7ba/m'H)tj0 〔61〕〔62〕Morse,"International Relation",vol 1.p.238.
ral%p B'T0 〔63〕Tyler Dennette,"Americans in Eastern Asia:ACritical Study of United States'Policy in the Far East in the ninetee nth Century',New York 1992,reprinted in 1963 p.115.
X1o G` Fe7S0 〔64〕Dulles,"Old,China Trade",p.147.ITPUB个人空间7H+R5Ce.~N
〔65〕Dennette,"Americans in Eastern Asia",p.115,120.
_3am*~:W+Onm!H_p H0 〔66〕Dulles,"Old,China Trade",p.147.
$z L2]4[:`6u qF `;iF0 〔67〕Dulles,"Old,China Trade",p.148.ITPUB个人空间 u;l3cd0s4e;o
〔68〕严中平编《中国近代经济史统计资料》，第11页，北京，1 955年版。
_,Q z2@;b2r#S;s7v0 〔69〕Morse,"Iteratioal Relatios",vol,1.p.238-240. ITPUB个人空间Z M3W pW%q#@J
〔70〕Dulles,"Old,China Trade",p.147.
}4qg ^n-B!e/c0 〔71〕Morse,"Chronicles",vol,3,p.54-56.ITPUB个人空间4\ }:i s0Lq
〔72〕御使章沅奏折，《史料旬刊》第9期，天字第311页。ITPUB个人空间om!} c/u g xJ
〔73〕《林文忠公政书》，《湖广奏稿》卷5，第11页。
^j;x xf+v0 〔74〕John king Fairbank,"Trade and Diplomacy",vol,1.p.74.ITPUB个人空间)C eEyn L+N%i.Lw
〔75〕Gladstone peter Lowe,"Britain in the Far East; ASurvey from 1819 to the Present",p.14 London,1981.
v1`M[ l&B A.F0 〔1〕Earl H.Pritchard,"The Crucial Years of Early Anglo-C hinese Relations,1750-1800",p.163,Washigton 1963.
V9Q V0m/m NW1r A0 〔2〕这位威尼斯人所知的“茶叶”并非目睹， 而是从一位到过中国的威尼斯人处得知。“Thema Thee"p.13.museum boymans-van beun ingen Rotterdam,1978.ITPUB个人空间b#Y aaY
〔3〕乌克斯（Ukers）则认为荷人在1610年从日本和中国输入茶叶。William Ukers,"All about Tea",vol,1.p. 23, p28,New York 1935.
j \!x q i~!B^O!T0 〔4〕H.B.Morse,"The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China 1635-1834",vol,1.p.144.Oxford,1926.ITPUB个人空间;S'W(`Y1lYw"R:G|
〔5〕Morse,"Chronicles",vol.1.p.148.ITPUB个人空间$h#Bc)jY|[
〔6〕其中“苏珊那”号（Susanna）所载货值54000两白银， 茶叶1565担，价值45000两，见：Morse,vol,1,p.157,K.N.Chaudhuri,"The Trading World of Asin and the English East India Company", P.538,Cambridge,1978.
h8h*|Q#to0 〔7〕Louis Dermigny,"La Chine et l'Occident.Le Commerce a Canton au XVIIIe Siecle,1732-1833",3 vols,vol,2.p.545,Paris,S.E.V.P.E.N.1964.
n*CaK,Pw0 〔8〕Pritchard,"Crucial Years"p.395-396.ITPUB个人空间 G R2__ n
〔9〕Michael Greenberg,"British Trade and the Opening of China,1800-1842",p.3.Cambridge University press 1951.ITPUB个人空间}db b%[ ?,D
〔10〕A.J.Sargent,"Anglo-China Commerce and Diplomacy,P.5 1,Oxford,1907;Prichard,"Grucial Years",p.163.
N0R rJ*Q4G#l0 〔11〕Greenberg,"British Trade",p.3.
}2E%l6@7p,M.U4P0 〔12〕C.J.A.Jorg,"Porcelain and the Dutch China Trade",p.217,The Hage 1982.ITPUB个人空间;G3m9D?b"h
〔13〕Kristof Glamann,"Dutch-Asiatic Trade",p.215,The Hag e 1958.
?2zQ C]JQ0 〔14〕De Hullu,"Over den Chinaschen handel der Oostindisc he Companie in de dertig jaar van de 18e eeuw",in "Bijdragen tot de Taal-,Land-en Volkenunde van Nederlandsch Indie(BTLV),v ol,73,P.42-43,The Hage 1917.
;X"r7wH T*s4I0 〔15〕如：巴城华人甲必丹，大茶商连富光即在1740年被荷人逮捕流放。见：B.Hoetink,"Ni Hoekong, Kapitein der Chinezen te Batavia in 1740",in BTLV,vol,74,1918.
jh7pX?f\7?d0 〔16〕Leonard Blusse,"Strange Company:Chinese Settlers,Me sizo Women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia",p.137-138,Leiden 1986.ITPUB个人空间:y.g^4r y%I0s
〔17〕Morse,"Chronicles",vol,2.p.95.
V t/O"p4S;mV.l0 〔18〕Morse,Chronicles",vol,2.p.204.ITPUB个人空间&X Qo O.X$vda&VC
〔19〕茶叶的数量与美国船货总值数字引自：Foster Rher Dulles,"The Old China Trade",p.210,New York 1970, 茶叶货值系推算而出，从19世纪初到30年代，广州茶叶价值每担在23-26两之间， 在此以中章价245两计算。
_2d[9jb["eF yz0 〔20〕Yen-ping Hao,"The Commercial Revolution in Nineteen th-century china:The Rise of Sino-Western Mercantile Capitalism",p.16,University of California Press,Berkeley 1986.
'wsmcve0 〔21〕Timothy Pitkin,"A Statistical Ciew of the Vommerce of the United States of America ",Harford 1816,Reprinted in 1835,New Haven,P.301.
*A!Zg-}-JR2~2I5t0 〔22〕Zhuang Guotu,"International Trade in Chinese Tea in 18th Century",p.30-33,A Paper Presented to the 34th Internat ional Congress on the Asian and North Africa Studies,Hong Kong,1993.ITPUB个人空间@)~}X7Y'TS
〔23〕该条款同时也规定，英国东印度公司必须供应本土足够的茶叶，并以不超过成本加法定利润的价值出售见： Hohcheung and lorna H.Mui,"The Management of Monopoly;a Study of the East Indies Company's Conduct its Tea Trade,1784-1833",p.xi,University o f British Columbia Press,Vancouver 1984.ITPUB个人空间2`.S#A6S#X-RL9Mk
〔24〕姚贤镐《中国近代对外贸易史资料：1870－1875》，卷1， 第258页，北京，1962年。ITPUB个人空间 I)uP7cF F e`^ v
〔25〕Greenberg,"British Trade",p.5.
akDL*L0 〔26〕Adam Smith ,"An Inquairy into the Nature and the Ca uses of the Wealth of Nations",p.188,New York 1937。ITPUB个人空间 cE6Wx/~:V
〔27〕H.A.Crosby Forbes,John Devereux Kernan and Ruth S.W ilkins,"Chinese Export Silver 1785 to 1885".p.22.Museum of the American China Trade Massachusettes,1975.
:d%Pj5`b0 〔28〕参见：庄国土《明季中国丝绸的海外贸易》，联合国科教文组织《中国和海上丝路国际讨论会论文集》，1991年，福建人民出版社。
n#K3O!n4WfL0 〔29〕Morse,"Chronicles",vol,1.p.21.p.307.
] Z_ I o^,Rsc!`0 〔30〕Sargent,"Commerce and Diplomacy",p.49.ITPUB个人空间"gV4v(Q1Qj
〔31〕Morse,"Chronicles",vol,1.p.71.ITPUB个人空间.W3` V,c9z(xp#K
〔32〕Sargent,"Commerce and Diplomacy",p.49.
)Q)vi;fJ\ ^0 〔33〕Morse,"Chronicles",vol,1.p.307-313.ITPUB个人空间8`z0L t$a1_d2w
〔34〕Sargent,"Commerce and Diplomacy",p.49.
3G){lMwo0 〔35〕Prtichard,"Crucial years",p.394,396,399.
1G Iz Z/h4{.t0 〔36〕C.C.F.Simkin,"The Traditional Trade of Asia",p. 231,New York 1968.
K b%? Eb]$KD0 〔37〕Glamann,"Dutch Asiatic trade",p.243.
2|9K6R Zlj^{J+OT;_0 〔38〕ibid,p.69.ITPUB个人空间 wY ze.G$H
〔39〕Jorg,"Porcelain",p.27.
$m\7q I*xT,J0 〔40〕Glamann,"Dutch Asiatic trade",p.243.ITPUB个人空间g){m W:d6F?p/~
〔41〕Jorg,"porcelain",P.35.
"` IiQ6sS[0 〔42〕Dermigny,"Canton",P.521-524.
Zf,W$XuO0 〔43〕18世纪下半叶欧洲商船较以前大，但所携白银在输华货值中的比例也稍低，这两方面出入可能大体互相抵消。 ITPUB个人空间 M[/IX&pecKw
〔44〕在对美国1805-1944年对华商品和白银输出额估算时， 各家所据资料不同，其结果也稍不同，Yen-Ping Hao引用的是参议院档案（U.S.Senate Executive Document 31.19th Congress,lst Session）以及Homans所著《历史统计资料》 （Historicaland Statistical Accou nt）。Morse引用的是K.S.Latourette所著的《1784-1844 年美中早期关系史》（The History of Early Relations between the U.S. and China 1784- 1844 ）载于 "Translations of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science",vol,28,New Haven 1927,Cheong 在其所著的“Mandarins and Merchants”（P.54 ）也引用相同资料。
$kLVv&txF ~0 〔45〕这个数量不包括西班牙人经马尼拉输入中国的白银。
C9p | ?J q%w7SQ#ra0 〔46〕D.A, Brading,"Mexican Silver-Mining in the Eighteent h Century:The Revival of Zacatecas".Latin American series,No.277.University of California,Berkeley,Reprinted from"The Ame rican history Review,vol,L.No.4.Nov..p.666.1970.
CHl@^Xt!e9jW0 〔47〕A.Kobata,"The Production and Used of Gold and Silve r in Sixteenth-Seventeenth Century Japan",in"Economic History Review,"Secong Series,vol,18.No,2.p.247.August,1965.ITPUB个人空间 VXgs1F!kq,}
〔48〕Charles Wilson,"Trade,Society and the State",in E.E.Rich and C.H.Wilson,eds,"The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries",p.511,Cambridge University Press 1967.
\ zR!F.s q9q0 〔49〕W.E.Cheong,"Trade and Finance in China:1784-1834",i n "Business History',p.40,January,1965. ITPUB个人空间| ZS.R)K bCwx
〔50〕J.m.Scott."The White Poppy:A History of Opium",p. 5,London 1969.ITPUB个人空间e3~"Q,^+h ? U/W&c
〔51〕"Chinese Repository",vol,5.p.546,April, 1837, Morse,"The International Relations of the Chinese Empire",vol,1. p.173,Shanghai 1910.
D RXp/j9oe b M0 〔52〕Prichard,"Crucial Years",p.143.
-pX5O/wE p%S0 〔53〕Morse,"Chronicles",vol,2,p.95,100,118,135. ITPUB个人空间&]%\$kr ~A@
〔54〕M.D.Nathan Allen,"Opium Trade",p.12,reprinted in Bo ston 1973. ITPUB个人空间 a:T z3H(tE P
〔55〕Prichard,"Crucial Years,"p.217-218. ITPUB个人空间N g jbr$G
〔56〕"Chinese Repository,"vol,3.p.238,Feb,1837.
`({7_t7N|0 〔57〕Carl A.Traocki,"Opium and Empire:Chinese Society in Colonial Singapore,1800-1910',p.53-55,Cornell University Pre ss 1990.
"u5n Z{a_!{s0 〔58〕Allen,"Opium Trade",p.10.
h pwe r0 〔59〕"Chinese Repository",vol,5.p.546-547,April,1837.ITPUB个人空间 ur@D'py
〔60〕Dulles,"Old,China Trade",p.115.
0z7ba/m'H)tj0 〔61〕〔62〕Morse,"International Relation",vol 1.p.238.
ral%p B'T0 〔63〕Tyler Dennette,"Americans in Eastern Asia:ACritical Study of United States'Policy in the Far East in the ninetee nth Century',New York 1992,reprinted in 1963 p.115.
X1o G` Fe7S0 〔64〕Dulles,"Old,China Trade",p.147.ITPUB个人空间7H+R5Ce.~N
〔65〕Dennette,"Americans in Eastern Asia",p.115,120.
_3am*~:W+Onm!H_p H0 〔66〕Dulles,"Old,China Trade",p.147.
$z L2]4[:`6u qF `;iF0 〔67〕Dulles,"Old,China Trade",p.148.ITPUB个人空间 u;l3cd0s4e;o
〔68〕严中平编《中国近代经济史统计资料》，第11页，北京，1 955年版。
_,Q z2@;b2r#S;s7v0 〔69〕Morse,"Iteratioal Relatios",vol,1.p.238-240. ITPUB个人空间Z M3W pW%q#@J
〔70〕Dulles,"Old,China Trade",p.147.
}4qg ^n-B!e/c0 〔71〕Morse,"Chronicles",vol,3,p.54-56.ITPUB个人空间4\ }:i s0Lq
〔72〕御使章沅奏折，《史料旬刊》第9期，天字第311页。ITPUB个人空间om!} c/u g xJ
〔73〕《林文忠公政书》，《湖广奏稿》卷5，第11页。
^j;x xf+v0 〔74〕John king Fairbank,"Trade and Diplomacy",vol,1.p.74.ITPUB个人空间)C eEyn L+N%i.Lw
〔75〕Gladstone peter Lowe,"Britain in the Far East; ASurvey from 1819 to the Present",p.14 London,1981.
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